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Thermodynamics & Electrochemistry (Chemistry) Solved Questions & Notes (2026) - Apex Rankers

Natural & Physical Sciences > Chemistry > Thermodynamics & Electrochemistry

43 Total Solved Questions
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Thermodynamics & Electrochemistry

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Q. 1 Chemistry (Secondary & College Level)
Difficulty: EASY (1 Mark)
What is the criterion for a chemical process to be spontaneous at constant temperature and pressure?
A
Change in Gibbs Free Energy Delta G < 0 (negative)
✓ Correct
B
Delta G > 0
C
Delta H > 0 exclusively
D
Delta S_system < 0
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
A reaction is thermodynamically spontaneous when Delta G = Delta H - T*Delta S is negative.
Q. 2 Chemistry (Secondary & College Level)
Difficulty: EASY (1 Mark)
In an electrochemical galvanic (voltaic) cell, which processes occur at the Anode and Cathode respectively?
A
Anode: Oxidation (loss of electrons); Cathode: Reduction (gain of electrons)
✓ Correct
B
Anode: Reduction; Cathode: Oxidation
C
Both electrodes undergo oxidation
D
No electron transfer takes place
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Remember 'An Ox and Red Cat': Anode is always the site of Oxidation; Cathode is always the site of Reduction.
Q. 3 Chemistry (Secondary & College Level)
Difficulty: MEDIUM (1 Mark)
What is Faraday's First Law of Electrolysis?
A
The mass m of substance deposited or liberated at an electrode is directly proportional to the quantity of electric charge Q passed (m = Z * I * t)
✓ Correct
B
m is inversely proportional to current
C
Electrode mass is independent of time
D
Voltage is proportional to resistance
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Faraday's first law states m = Z * Q = Z * I * t, where Z is the electrochemical equivalent.
Q. 4 Chemistry (Secondary & College Level)
Difficulty: MEDIUM (1 Mark)
The bond order of nitrogen molecule (N2) according to Molecular Orbital Theory is:
A
3
✓ Correct
B
2
C
1
D
2.5
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
N2 has 10 valence electrons: Bond Order = (Nb - Na)/2 = (8 - 2)/2 = 3 (representing a stable triple bond).
Q. 5 Chemistry (Secondary & College Level)
Difficulty: EASY (1 Mark)
In chemical bonding theory #10: Which type of intermolecular force is responsible for the anomalously high boiling point of water and hydrogen fluoride?
A
London dispersion forces
B
Hydrogen bonding
✓ Correct
C
Dipole-induced dipole
D
Covalent coordinate bonding
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Hydrogen bonding is a strong dipole-dipole attraction occurring between H bonded to highly electronegative elements (N, O, F).
Q. 6 Chemistry (Secondary & College Level)
Difficulty: EASY (1 Mark)
In chemical bonding theory #15: Which type of intermolecular force is responsible for the anomalously high boiling point of water and hydrogen fluoride?
A
Dipole-induced dipole
B
London dispersion forces
C
Hydrogen bonding
✓ Correct
D
Covalent coordinate bonding
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Hydrogen bonding is a strong dipole-dipole attraction occurring between H bonded to highly electronegative elements (N, O, F).
Q. 7 Chemistry (Secondary & College Level)
Difficulty: EASY (1 Mark)
In chemical bonding theory #20: Which type of intermolecular force is responsible for the anomalously high boiling point of water and hydrogen fluoride?
A
Covalent coordinate bonding
B
London dispersion forces
C
Dipole-induced dipole
D
Hydrogen bonding
✓ Correct
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Hydrogen bonding is a strong dipole-dipole attraction occurring between H bonded to highly electronegative elements (N, O, F).
Q. 8 Chemistry (Secondary & College Level)
Difficulty: EASY (1 Mark)
In chemical bonding theory #25: Which type of intermolecular force is responsible for the anomalously high boiling point of water and hydrogen fluoride?
A
Hydrogen bonding
✓ Correct
B
London dispersion forces
C
Dipole-induced dipole
D
Covalent coordinate bonding
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Hydrogen bonding is a strong dipole-dipole attraction occurring between H bonded to highly electronegative elements (N, O, F).
Q. 9 Chemistry (Secondary & College Level)
Difficulty: EASY (1 Mark)
In chemical bonding theory #30: Which type of intermolecular force is responsible for the anomalously high boiling point of water and hydrogen fluoride?
A
London dispersion forces
B
Hydrogen bonding
✓ Correct
C
Dipole-induced dipole
D
Covalent coordinate bonding
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Hydrogen bonding is a strong dipole-dipole attraction occurring between H bonded to highly electronegative elements (N, O, F).
Q. 10 Chemistry (Secondary & College Level)
Difficulty: EASY (1 Mark)
In chemical bonding theory #35: Which type of intermolecular force is responsible for the anomalously high boiling point of water and hydrogen fluoride?
A
Dipole-induced dipole
B
London dispersion forces
C
Hydrogen bonding
✓ Correct
D
Covalent coordinate bonding
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Hydrogen bonding is a strong dipole-dipole attraction occurring between H bonded to highly electronegative elements (N, O, F).
Q. 11 Chemistry (Secondary & College Level)
Difficulty: EASY (1 Mark)
In chemical bonding theory #40: Which type of intermolecular force is responsible for the anomalously high boiling point of water and hydrogen fluoride?
A
Covalent coordinate bonding
B
London dispersion forces
C
Dipole-induced dipole
D
Hydrogen bonding
✓ Correct
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Hydrogen bonding is a strong dipole-dipole attraction occurring between H bonded to highly electronegative elements (N, O, F).
Q. 12 Chemistry (Secondary & College Level)
Difficulty: EASY (1 Mark)
Which group in the periodic table contains elements known as alkali metals?
A
Group 1 (IA)
✓ Correct
B
Group 2 (IIA)
C
Group 17 (VIIA)
D
Group 18 (VIIIA)
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Group 1 elements (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) are known as alkali metals because their oxides and hydroxides form alkaline solutions.
Q. 13 Chemistry (Secondary & College Level)
Difficulty: EASY (1 Mark)
In inorganic chemistry analysis #10: What color is produced when copper ions (Cu2+) undergo flame test identification?
A
Crimson Red
B
Blue-Green
✓ Correct
C
Golden Yellow
D
Lilac Violet
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Copper salts produce a characteristic green to blue-green flame due to excitation of electrons in the d-block metal ion.
Q. 14 Chemistry (Secondary & College Level)
Difficulty: EASY (1 Mark)
In inorganic chemistry analysis #15: What color is produced when copper ions (Cu2+) undergo flame test identification?
A
Golden Yellow
B
Crimson Red
C
Blue-Green
✓ Correct
D
Lilac Violet
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Copper salts produce a characteristic green to blue-green flame due to excitation of electrons in the d-block metal ion.
Q. 15 Chemistry (Secondary & College Level)
Difficulty: EASY (1 Mark)
In inorganic chemistry analysis #20: What color is produced when copper ions (Cu2+) undergo flame test identification?
A
Lilac Violet
B
Crimson Red
C
Golden Yellow
D
Blue-Green
✓ Correct
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Copper salts produce a characteristic green to blue-green flame due to excitation of electrons in the d-block metal ion.
Q. 16 Chemistry (Secondary & College Level)
Difficulty: EASY (1 Mark)
In inorganic chemistry analysis #25: What color is produced when copper ions (Cu2+) undergo flame test identification?
A
Blue-Green
✓ Correct
B
Crimson Red
C
Golden Yellow
D
Lilac Violet
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Copper salts produce a characteristic green to blue-green flame due to excitation of electrons in the d-block metal ion.
Q. 17 Chemistry (Secondary & College Level)
Difficulty: EASY (1 Mark)
In inorganic chemistry analysis #30: What color is produced when copper ions (Cu2+) undergo flame test identification?
A
Crimson Red
B
Blue-Green
✓ Correct
C
Golden Yellow
D
Lilac Violet
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Copper salts produce a characteristic green to blue-green flame due to excitation of electrons in the d-block metal ion.
Q. 18 Chemistry (Secondary & College Level)
Difficulty: EASY (1 Mark)
In inorganic chemistry analysis #35: What color is produced when copper ions (Cu2+) undergo flame test identification?
A
Golden Yellow
B
Crimson Red
C
Blue-Green
✓ Correct
D
Lilac Violet
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Copper salts produce a characteristic green to blue-green flame due to excitation of electrons in the d-block metal ion.
Q. 19 Chemistry (Secondary & College Level)
Difficulty: EASY (1 Mark)
In inorganic chemistry analysis #40: What color is produced when copper ions (Cu2+) undergo flame test identification?
A
Lilac Violet
B
Crimson Red
C
Golden Yellow
D
Blue-Green
✓ Correct
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Copper salts produce a characteristic green to blue-green flame due to excitation of electrons in the d-block metal ion.
Q. 20 Chemistry (Secondary & College Level)
Difficulty: MEDIUM (1 Mark)
The value of equilibrium constant Kc for a chemical reaction changes ONLY with:
A
Temperature
✓ Correct
B
Pressure
C
Concentration of reactants
D
Addition of a catalyst
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Kc is temperature-dependent; changes in pressure, volume, or catalysts affect equilibrium position or rate, but not the equilibrium constant itself.
Q. 21 Chemistry (Secondary & College Level)
Difficulty: MEDIUM (1 Mark)
In stoichiometry and solution chemistry #10: What is the normality of a 1 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solution for neutralization reactions?
A
1 N
B
2 N
✓ Correct
C
0.5 N
D
4 N
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Normality = Molarity * Basicity. Since H2SO4 is diprotic (basicity = 2), Normality = 1 M * 2 = 2 N.
Q. 22 Chemistry (Secondary & College Level)
Difficulty: MEDIUM (1 Mark)
In stoichiometry and solution chemistry #15: What is the normality of a 1 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solution for neutralization reactions?
A
0.5 N
B
1 N
C
2 N
✓ Correct
D
4 N
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Normality = Molarity * Basicity. Since H2SO4 is diprotic (basicity = 2), Normality = 1 M * 2 = 2 N.
Q. 23 Chemistry (Secondary & College Level)
Difficulty: MEDIUM (1 Mark)
In stoichiometry and solution chemistry #20: What is the normality of a 1 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solution for neutralization reactions?
A
4 N
B
1 N
C
0.5 N
D
2 N
✓ Correct
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Normality = Molarity * Basicity. Since H2SO4 is diprotic (basicity = 2), Normality = 1 M * 2 = 2 N.
Q. 24 Chemistry (Secondary & College Level)
Difficulty: MEDIUM (1 Mark)
In stoichiometry and solution chemistry #25: What is the normality of a 1 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solution for neutralization reactions?
A
2 N
✓ Correct
B
1 N
C
0.5 N
D
4 N
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Normality = Molarity * Basicity. Since H2SO4 is diprotic (basicity = 2), Normality = 1 M * 2 = 2 N.
Q. 25 Chemistry (Secondary & College Level)
Difficulty: MEDIUM (1 Mark)
In stoichiometry and solution chemistry #30: What is the normality of a 1 M sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solution for neutralization reactions?
A
1 N
B
2 N
✓ Correct
C
0.5 N
D
4 N
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Normality = Molarity * Basicity. Since H2SO4 is diprotic (basicity = 2), Normality = 1 M * 2 = 2 N.
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