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Climate Impacts & Disasters (Atmospheric Sciences) Solved Questions & Notes (2026) - Apex Rankers

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences > Atmospheric Sciences > Climate Impacts & Disasters

10 Total Solved Questions
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Climate Impacts & Disasters

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Q. 1 Atmospheric Sciences
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
What is the 'Third Pole' referring to in global climate change assessments?
A
The Hindu Kush-Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau region, which holds the largest concentration of snow and ice outside the Arctic and Antarctic polar regions
✓ Correct
B
The magnetic pole in Australia
C
The equator
D
The Moon's South Pole
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region and Tibetan Plateau are termed the 'Third Pole' because they store more snow and ice than anywhere else on Earth outside the two polar ice caps.
Q. 2 Atmospheric Sciences
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
Which major glacier in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, over 63 km long, is the second-longest non-polar glacier in the world?
A
Siachen Glacier
✓ Correct
B
Biafo Glacier
C
Baltoro Glacier
D
Batura Glacier
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The Siachen Glacier in the eastern Karakoram range is approximately 76 km (47 miles) long, second only to the Fedchenko Glacier in Tajikistan among non-polar glaciers.
Q. 3 Atmospheric Sciences
Difficulty: Medium (1 Mark)
What is the 'Indus Delta' in southern Sindh facing due to upstream water diversions, sediment starvation, and climate-induced sea level rise?
A
Severe coastal erosion, seawater intrusion, salinization of agricultural lands, and loss of mangrove ecosystems
✓ Correct
B
Rapid expansion of freshwater lakes
C
Formation of glaciers at sea level
D
Decrease in ocean temperatures
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Reduced freshwater and sediment flows down the Indus River combined with sea level rise have caused seawater to intrude up to 50-80 km inland, drowning fertile lands and degrading mangrove forests.
Q. 4 Atmospheric Sciences
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
According to the Global Climate Risk Index (Germanwatch), why is Pakistan consistently ranked among the top 10 countries most vulnerable to long-term climate risks?
A
Because it emits 50% of the world's carbon dioxide
B
Despite contributing less than 1% of global greenhouse gas emissions, Pakistan suffers disproportionately frequent and severe extreme climate events (floods, heatwaves, GLOFs, droughts)
✓ Correct
C
Because it has no rivers
D
Because it is situated on an island
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Pakistan accounts for less than 1% of historical greenhouse gas emissions but faces severe climate vulnerability due to geographic exposure to monsoonal floods, glaciated river basins, and extreme arid plains.
Q. 5 Atmospheric Sciences
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
Which national statutory body in Pakistan, established under the National Disaster Management Act 2010, is responsible for disaster risk reduction, preparedness, and response coordination with PMD?
A
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
✓ Correct
B
FPSC
C
WAPDA
D
OGRA
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), together with Provincial Disaster Management Authorities (PDMAs), is the apex national agency coordinating disaster management with PMD alerts.
Q. 6 Atmospheric Sciences
Difficulty: Medium (1 Mark)
What is 'Loss and Damage' in international climate negotiations (UNFCCC COP27 in Sharm El-Sheikh and COP28 in Dubai)?
A
A dedicated fund and mechanism to provide financial assistance to vulnerable developing countries (like Pakistan) suffering irreversible economic and non-economic harm from climate disasters
✓ Correct
B
Compensation for broken weather instruments
C
A tax on airline passengers
D
The cost of building seawalls in the Arctic
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Following Pakistan's catastrophic 2022 floods, international climate negotiations culminated in the historic establishment of the Loss and Damage Fund at COP27 to aid climate-vulnerable nations.
Q. 7 Atmospheric Sciences
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
What is 'Early Warning System' (EWS) in disaster risk reduction?
A
An integrated system of hazard monitoring, forecasting and prediction, disaster risk assessment, communication, and preparedness activities that enables individuals and communities to take timely action to reduce harm
✓ Correct
B
A siren placed on an ambulance
C
A newspaper published every morning
D
A radio telescope listening to space
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
UN Early Warnings for All initiative defines EWS across four pillars: risk knowledge, monitoring and forecasting, warning dissemination, and response capability.
Q. 8 Atmospheric Sciences
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
What is the 'Indus Waters Treaty' (IWT, 1960) mediated by the World Bank between Pakistan and India regarding river water distribution?
A
Allocated the three western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) primarily to Pakistan, and the three eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) to India
✓ Correct
B
Shared all rivers 50-50
C
Gave all rivers to China
D
Banned all dam construction in Asia
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960, the IWT allocated the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab - unrestricted use for Pakistan) and eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej - for India).
Q. 9 Atmospheric Sciences
Difficulty: Medium (1 Mark)
What is the primary role of the 'Global Framework for Climate Services' (GFCS) spearheaded by the WMO?
A
To enable society to manage the risks and opportunities arising from climate variability and change, especially in water, agriculture, health, and disaster reduction
✓ Correct
B
To sell weather umbrellas worldwide
C
To launch weather satellites exclusively for Europe
D
To build underground bunkers
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The GFCS coordinates climate information, seasonal forecasts, and advisory services tailored for decision-makers in climate-sensitive sectors.
Q. 10 Atmospheric Sciences
Difficulty: Medium (1 Mark)
What is the 'Nationally Determined Contribution' (NDC) submitted by Pakistan under the Paris Agreement?
A
Pakistan's formal national climate action plan outlining greenhouse gas emission reduction targets (e.g. 50% shift to clean energy by 2030) and adaptation priorities
✓ Correct
B
Pakistan's annual budget deficit report
C
The list of civil servants in the Ministry of Defence
D
A passport application
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
NDCs are non-binding national plans submitted every five years under the Paris Agreement detailing commitments to mitigation, clean energy transitions, and adaptation.
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