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Sports Nutrition, Doping & Ergogenic Aids (Physical Education & Sports Sciences) Solved Questions & Notes (2026) - Apex Rankers

Education & Sports Sciences > Physical Education & Sports Sciences > Sports Nutrition, Doping & Ergogenic Aids

54 Total Solved Questions
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Sports Nutrition, Doping & Ergogenic Aids

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Q. 1 Physical Education
Difficulty: Medium (1 Mark)
What is the recommended daily carbohydrate intake for an endurance athlete training 1 to 3 hours per day to optimize muscle glycogen stores?
A
6 to 10 grams per kilogram of body weight per day
✓ Correct
B
1 to 2 grams per kilogram
C
20 grams per kilogram
D
Zero carbohydrates (strict keto)
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
ACSM and ISSN guidelines recommend 6-10 g/kg/day of carbohydrates for moderate-to-high intensity endurance athletes to maintain liver and muscle glycogen levels.
Q. 2 Physical Education
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
What is the recommended daily protein intake range for athletes engaged in intense resistance and strength training to maximize muscle protein synthesis?
A
1.6 to 2.2 grams per kilogram of body weight per day
✓ Correct
B
0.8 grams per kilogram (standard sedentary RDA)
C
4.0 to 5.0 grams per kilogram
D
0.4 grams per kilogram
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) recommends 1.6-2.2 g/kg/day of high-quality protein distributed across 3-4 hour intervals for strength athletes.
Q. 3 Physical Education
Difficulty: Medium (1 Mark)
The dietary practice of 'Carbohydrate Loading' (glycogen supercompensation) prior to a marathon is most effective when initiated:
A
36 to 48 hours prior to competition while tapering training volume
✓ Correct
B
30 minutes before the starting gun
C
Immediately after the race is over
D
Two weeks in advance without tapering
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Modern protocols achieve glycogen supercompensation by consuming 8-12 g/kg/day of carbohydrates for 36-48 hours before the event alongside light training taper.
Q. 4 Physical Education
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
Creatine monohydrate supplementation is scientifically proven to enhance performance primarily in which type of athletic activity?
A
Short-duration, repeated bouts of high-intensity explosive exercise (e.g., sprinting, weightlifting)
✓ Correct
B
Ultra-distance cross-country skiing
C
Marathon race walking
D
Chess tournaments
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Creatine elevates intramuscular phosphocreatine (PCr) stores by 10-40%, accelerating ATP resynthesis during short (< 30s) repeated maximal sprint and power efforts.
Q. 5 Physical Education
Difficulty: Medium (1 Mark)
Caffeine acts as an effective ergogenic aid in both endurance and high-intensity sports primarily by:
A
Antagonizing adenosine receptors in the central nervous system, reducing perception of effort and fatigue
✓ Correct
B
Directly providing caloric energy like glucose
C
Inhibiting lactic acid generation completely
D
Increasing blood clotting factors
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Caffeine crosses the blood-brain barrier to competitively block adenosine receptors, blunting central fatigue, lowering perceived exertion (RPE), and enhancing motor recruitment.
Q. 6 Physical Education
Difficulty: Hard (1 Mark)
What is the primary physiological mechanism by which Beta-Alanine supplementation improves high-intensity exercise capacity (1 to 4 minutes)?
A
Increasing intramuscular carnosine synthesis to buffer intracellular hydrogen ions (H+) and delay acidosis
✓ Correct
B
Increasing heart rate to maximum
C
Increasing oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells
D
Building bone mass
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Beta-alanine is the rate-limiting precursor to carnosine, a dipeptide that buffers intracellular $H^+$ accumulation, mitigating muscle burning and metabolic fatigue in 60-240s events.
Q. 7 Physical Education
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
What does the abbreviation WADA stand for in international sports regulation?
A
World Anti-Doping Agency
✓ Correct
B
World Athletic Development Association
C
Worldwide Athlete Defense Alliance
D
World Association of Diving Athletics
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
WADA (established in 1999 following the Lausanne Declaration) is the independent international body harmonizing anti-doping policies and monitoring compliance worldwide.
Q. 8 Physical Education
Difficulty: Medium (1 Mark)
Recombinant human Erythropoietin (EPO) and autologous blood transfusions (blood doping) are banned in endurance sports because they artificially:
A
Increase red blood cell mass and total hemoglobin, raising oxygen transport capacity while dramatically increasing blood viscosity and thrombosis risk
✓ Correct
B
Produce rapid skeletal growth
C
Act as an immediate sedative
D
Cause severe bone loss
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
EPO stimulates erythropoiesis, raising hematocrit and $ ext{VO}_2 ext{ max}$, but hyperviscosity raises the risk of fatal pulmonary emboli, myocardial infarctions, and stroke.
Q. 9 Physical Education
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
Which banned pharmacological class is abused by strength and power athletes to promote skeletal muscle hypertrophy, protein synthesis, and faster recovery?
A
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids (AAS)
✓ Correct
B
Beta-blockers
C
Diuretics
D
Local anesthetics
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (derivatives of testosterone like nandrolone and stanozolol) stimulate androgen receptors, accelerating myofibrillar protein synthesis and recovery.
Q. 10 Physical Education
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
In precision sports such as Archery and Shooting, which prohibited class of drugs is used illicitly to reduce tremors, lower resting heart rate, and stabilize hand steadiness?
A
Beta-blockers (e.g., Propranolol)
✓ Correct
B
Amphetamines
C
Anabolic steroids
D
EPO
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Beta-adrenergic antagonists (beta-blockers) diminish sympathetic nervous activity, blunting hand tremor and slowing heart rate, making them strictly prohibited in precision shooting.
Q. 11 Physical Education
Difficulty: Medium (1 Mark)
Diuretics (e.g., Furosemide) are prohibited under the WADA Code in all sports because they:
A
Induce rapid water weight loss in combat sports and act as masking agents to dilute or flush banned substances in urine samples
✓ Correct
B
Increase muscle mass directly
C
Improve aerobic endurance by 50%
D
Prevent bone fractures
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Diuretics increase urine volume, which can be exploited to 'make weight' artificially in weight-class sports and rapidly dilute prohibited parent drugs/metabolites in doping tests.
Q. 12 Physical Education
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
What is a 'Therapeutic Use Exemption' (TUE) under WADA regulations?
A
Official medical authorization allowing an athlete with a documented medical condition to use a substance that is otherwise on the prohibited list
✓ Correct
B
Exemption from having to take drug tests
C
Permission to use steroids for vanity
D
A prize granted to clean athletes
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
A TUE permits athletes with diagnosed illnesses (e.g., insulin for Type 1 diabetes) to take necessary medications on the Prohibited List under strict medical criteria.
Q. 13 Physical Education
Difficulty: Medium (1 Mark)
Hyponatremia (exercise-associated hyponatremia) in marathon runners is a potentially fatal medical condition primarily caused by:
A
Excessive consumption of plain water or hypotonic fluids during prolonged exercise combined with sodium sweat loss
✓ Correct
B
Dehydration from not drinking enough fluid
C
Eating too much table salt
D
High carbohydrate intake
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Over-hydrating with plain water dilutes extracellular sodium (serum $Na^+ < 135 ext{ mmol/L}$), causing water to shift intracellularly into brain cells, triggering cerebral edema and coma.
Q. 14 Physical Education
Difficulty: Medium (1 Mark)
For optimal post-exercise recovery, sports nutritionists recommend consuming a carbohydrate-to-protein ratio of:
A
3:1 to 4:1 within the first 30 to 60 minutes post-exercise
✓ Correct
B
10:1 pure fat
C
Zero carbohydrates and 100% protein
D
1:10 ratio
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
A 3:1 or 4:1 ratio (approx. 1.0-1.2 g/kg carbs and 0.3-0.4 g/kg protein) maximizes glycogen resynthesis via insulin stimulation while initiating muscle remodeling.
Q. 15 Physical Education
Difficulty: Hard (1 Mark)
Which branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) is recognized as the primary key trigger for activating the mTOR intracellular signaling pathway that initiates muscle protein synthesis?
A
Leucine
✓ Correct
B
Isoleucine
C
Valine
D
Alanine
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Leucine acts as an essential nutrient trigger; reaching the 'leucine threshold' (~2.5-3g per meal) maximally phosphorylates mTOR to switch on muscle protein synthesis.
Q. 16 Physical Education
Difficulty: Medium (1 Mark)
What is the primary danger associated with long-term abuse of Human Growth Hormone (HGH) by athletes?
A
Acromegaly, cardiomegaly, insulin resistance (diabetes), and peripheral neuropathy
✓ Correct
B
Severe hair growth on feet only
C
Loss of all teeth
D
Permanent blindness
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Chronic supra-physiological HGH abuse triggers acromegalic skeletal changes (mandible/brow enlargement), cardiomyopathy, glucose intolerance, and hypertension.
Q. 17 Physical Education
Difficulty: Medium (1 Mark)
The 'Athlete Biological Passport' (ABP) monitored by WADA works by:
A
Tracking selected biological markers in an athlete over time to detect abnormal physiological deviations indicative of doping, rather than testing solely for specific substances
✓ Correct
B
Tracking athlete travel destinations via GPS
C
Issuing foreign citizenship passports
D
Recording athlete salaries
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The ABP longitudinal monitoring compares individual hematological (blood module) and steroidal profiles against personal baselines to reveal indirect footprints of doping.
Q. 18 Physical Education
Difficulty: Medium (1 Mark)
Sodium Bicarbonate (baking soda) ingestion is utilized by 400m-800m runners as an ergogenic aid because it:
A
Increases extracellular buffering capacity, enhancing the efflux of H+ ions from fatigued muscle cells during anaerobic glycolysis
✓ Correct
B
Directly burns fat
C
Prevents muscle dehydration
D
Increases lung volume
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Bicarbonate loading increases blood bicarbonate and extracellular pH, augmenting the concentration gradient to draw fatigue-inducing protons ($H^+$) out of working muscles.
Q. 19 Physical Education
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
Which essential mineral deficiency is most prevalent among female distance runners, leading to impaired athletic performance and severe fatigue?
A
Iron (Iron deficiency anemia)
✓ Correct
B
Magnesium
C
Potassium
D
Sodium
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Female athletes face heightened risk of iron depletion due to menstrual blood loss, foot-strike hemolysis, and sweat/GI losses, blunting hemoglobin oxygen transport.
Q. 20 Physical Education
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
What is the Female Athlete Triad in sports medicine, characterizing interrelated clinical disorders in female athletes?
A
Low Energy Availability (with or without disordered eating), Menstrual Dysfunction (amenorrhea), and Low Bone Mineral Density (osteoporosis)
✓ Correct
B
Deafness, blindness, and fatigue
C
Headache, nausea, and vomiting
D
High fever, chills, and rash
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The Triad involves energy deficit leading to hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian suppression (functional hypothalamic amenorrhea) and accelerated bone demineralization.
Q. 21 Physical Education
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
What is the recommended fluid intake guideline during prolonged exercise in hot environments?
A
Approximately 400 to 800 mL per hour, adjusted according to individual sweat rate and environmental heat
✓ Correct
B
5 liters per hour
C
Zero fluids until the race is completely finished
D
Drinking only carbonated soda
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
ACSM recommends consuming 0.4-0.8 L/h of cool fluids containing 6-8% carbohydrates and electrolytes to replace sweat losses without inducing gastrointestinal sloshing.
Q. 22 Physical Education
Difficulty: Hard (1 Mark)
Glycerol hyperhydration is sometimes utilized by endurance athletes prior to competing in extreme heat to:
A
Expand plasma volume and retain fluid in the intracellular/extracellular space to delay dehydration
✓ Correct
B
Rapidly build muscle mass
C
Induce immediate urination
D
Slow down heart rate
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Glycerol consumed with large water volumes increases osmotic pressure in body compartments, temporarily retaining water ('hyperhydration') and mitigating thermal strain.
Q. 23 Physical Education
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
Which vitamin synthesized endogenously via sunlight exposure on the skin is essential for bone mineral density and optimal muscular contraction in athletes?
A
Vitamin D
✓ Correct
B
Vitamin C
C
Vitamin B12
D
Vitamin E
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Vitamin D regulates intestinal calcium absorption, maintains bone architecture, and modulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis and contractility via vitamin D receptors.
Q. 24 Physical Education
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
What is the primary health risk associated with sudden extreme rapid weight cutting via saunas and fluid restriction in wrestling and combat sports?
A
Acute hypovolemic shock, cardiac arrhythmia, severe heat stroke, and renal failure
✓ Correct
B
Excessive hair growth
C
Immediate muscle enlargement
D
Tooth loss
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Severe dehydration compromises plasma volume and stroke volume, precipitating hyperthermia, circulatory collapse, and fatal acute kidney injury.
Q. 25 Physical Education
Difficulty: Medium (1 Mark)
Under WADA regulations, an athlete who misses three 'Whereabouts' filings or tests within a 12-month window commits an Anti-Doping Rule Violation (ADRV) resulting in:
A
An ineligibility suspension period of up to 2 years
✓ Correct
B
A simple verbal warning
C
A fine of $10 only
D
Automatic retirement
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Any combination of 3 missed tests or filing failures within a 12-month period constitutes an ADRV under WADA Code Article 2.4, punishable by up to 2 years ban.
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