Q. 1
Pedagogy
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
According to Jean Piaget, at which stage of cognitive development does a child develop 'Object Permanence'?
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Object permanence—the realization that objects continue to exist even when out of sight—develops during the sensorimotor stage, typically around 8 months of age.
Q. 2
Pedagogy
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
In Piaget's theory, the inability of a preoperational child to see a situation from another person's point of view is known as:
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Egocentrism refers to the young child's cognitive limitation where they perceive the world entirely from their own visual and conceptual perspective (e.g., Three Mountain Task).
Q. 3
Pedagogy
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
A child who understands that the quantity of liquid remains unchanged when poured into a taller, narrower glass has mastered the cognitive concept of:
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Conservation, acquired during the Concrete Operational Stage (approx. 7-11 years), recognizes that physical properties (volume, mass, number) remain invariant despite changes in perceptual appearance.
Q. 4
Pedagogy
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Lev Vygotsky defined the 'Zone of Proximal Development' (ZPD) as:
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The ZPD represents the fertile zone of learning between actual developmental level (independent problem-solving) and potential developmental level (guided by adult or capable peer).
Q. 5
Pedagogy
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
In Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory, children talking aloud to themselves while guiding their own problem-solving is termed:
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Vygotsky viewed private speech as a vital self-regulatory tool children use to plan, guide, and monitor their behavior, which eventually internalizes into silent inner speech.
Q. 6
Pedagogy
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
According to Jerome Bruner, the three modes of mental representation develop in which developmental order?
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Bruner posited that learners represent knowledge first through motor actions (Enactive), then through visual mental pictures (Iconic), and finally through abstract language and symbols (Symbolic).
Q. 7
Pedagogy
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
In Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments with dogs, the meat powder served as the:
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Meat powder naturally and reflexively elicits salivation without prior training, making it the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS); the bell became the Conditioned Stimulus (CS).
Q. 8
Pedagogy
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
In operant conditioning (B. F. Skinner), 'Negative Reinforcement' means:
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Reinforcement ALWAYS increases behavior. 'Negative' means removal of an unpleasant stimulus (e.g., stopping an annoying alarm when the seatbelt is fastened; dropping homework when participation is high).
Q. 9
Pedagogy
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Which reinforcement schedule in operant conditioning produces the highest rate of response and is most resistant to extinction (e.g., slot machines)?
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Variable-ratio schedules deliver reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses, yielding rapid, steady response rates with minimal post-reinforcement pause.
Q. 10
Pedagogy
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Edward Thorndike's 'Law of Effect' in connectionism states that:
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Thorndike's Law of Effect established that associations between stimulus and response are stamped in by satisfying outcomes and stamped out by unpleasant consequences.
Q. 11
Pedagogy
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Which Law of Learning proposed by Thorndike emphasizes that connections are strengthened with practice and weakened when practice is discontinued?
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The Law of Exercise consists of the Law of Use (practice strengthens S-R connections) and the Law of Disuse (lack of practice weakens connections).
Q. 12
Pedagogy
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Albert Bandura's famous 'Bobo Doll' experiment demonstrated that children:
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Bandura's social cognitive theory demonstrated that observation and vicarious reinforcement are sufficient for acquiring new behaviors without direct conditioning.
Q. 13
Pedagogy
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
In Bandura's social learning theory, what are the four essential cognitive-behavioral processes involved in modeling?
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Bandura identified four sequential sub-processes: Attention (observing), Retention (remembering), Production/Reproduction (motor enactment), and Motivation (reason to act).
Q. 14
Pedagogy
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, the primary crisis faced by school-age children (6 to 12 years) is:
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
School-age children (elementary school) navigate 'Industry vs. Inferiority' as they strive to master school tasks, peer collaboration, and pride in productive work.
Q. 15
Pedagogy
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
In Erikson's theory, the central developmental conflict during adolescence (12 to 18 years) is:
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Adolescents grapple with 'Identity vs. Role Confusion', developing a coherent sense of personal self, values, and vocational direction.
Q. 16
Pedagogy
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
In Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development, the 'Post-conventional' level of morality is governed by:
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Post-conventional morality (Stages 5 & 6) recognizes democratic social contracts and universal ethical principles of justice and human dignity transcending statutory laws.
Q. 17
Pedagogy
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences initially proposed how many distinct modalities of intelligence?
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Gardner's 1983 book 'Frames of Mind' proposed 7 distinct intelligences (Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, Spatial, Musical, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal), later adding Naturalist.
Q. 18
Pedagogy
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Charles Spearman's classic two-factor theory of intelligence posited that performance on mental tasks is determined by:
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Spearman proposed the 'g-factor' (general intellectual energy common across all cognitive batteries) and 's-factors' (specific unique abilities for a given task).
Q. 19
Pedagogy
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Raymond Cattell divided general intelligence into which two distinct dimensions?
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Fluid intelligence (Gf) is raw problem-solving speed and reasoning independent of culture; Crystallized intelligence (Gc) is accumulated knowledge, vocabulary, and skills gained through education.
Q. 20
Pedagogy
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
In Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs, which need forms the foundation at the very base of the pyramid?
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Basic biological physiological survival needs (food, warmth, rest) must be satisfied before higher psychological needs can direct human motivation.
Q. 21
Pedagogy
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
At the pinnacle of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs is:
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Self-actualization represents the highest growth need—the desire to realize all personal capabilities, creative growth, and fulfillment.
Q. 22
Pedagogy
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
According to the Information Processing Theory of memory, what is the typical capacity limit of human Short-Term / Working Memory according to George Miller?
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
George A. Miller's 1956 paper established 'The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two' (5 to 9 chunks) as the capacity of human short-term working memory.
Q. 23
Pedagogy
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Metacognition is most accurately defined in educational psychology as:
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Coined by John Flavell, metacognition involves higher-order cognitive monitoring, planning, assessing, and regulating one's own learning and comprehension strategies.
Q. 24
Pedagogy
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
A student who attributes their exam failure to 'bad luck' or 'an unfair teacher' exhibits:
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Julian Rotter's locus of control: external locus attributes outcomes to environmental chance or fate, while internal locus attributes outcomes to personal effort and choices.
Q. 25
Pedagogy
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
The concept of 'Learned Helplessness' in students, where they cease trying because past experiences led them to believe failure is unavoidable, was formulated by:
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Martin Seligman demonstrated that passive resignation ('learned helplessness') emerges when an organism repeatedly encounters uncontrollable adverse stimuli.
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