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Fundamentals of Nursing & Infection Control (Nursing & Patient Care) Solved Questions & Notes (2026) - Apex Rankers

Medical & Health Sciences > Nursing & Patient Care > Fundamentals of Nursing & Infection Control

38 Total Solved Questions
~57 mins Estimated Reading Time
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Fundamentals of Nursing & Infection Control

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Q. 1 Nursing
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
What is the single most effective and fundamental nursing measure to prevent healthcare-associated infections (nosocomial infections)?
A
Wearing sterile gloves at all times
B
Proper hand hygiene (handwashing / alcohol rub) before and after patient contact
✓ Correct
C
Routine prophylactic antibiotic administration
D
Using disposable bedsheets
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Hand hygiene performed in accordance with the WHO '5 Moments for Hand Hygiene' is the single most proven intervention for breaking the chain of infection in clinical settings.
Q. 2 Nursing
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
Which position is considered most appropriate for a patient experiencing acute severe dyspnea or orthopnea?
A
Trendelenburg position
B
High Fowler's position (sitting upright at 60-90 degrees)
✓ Correct
C
Prone position
D
Dorsal recumbent position
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
High Fowler's position allows gravity to lower the diaphragm, maximizing thoracic expansion and decreasing venous return to the heart to ease respiratory effort.
Q. 3 Nursing
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
In staging pressure ulcers (bedsores), an area of intact skin with non-blanchable erythema over a bony prominence corresponds to:
A
Stage I
✓ Correct
B
Stage II
C
Stage III
D
Stage IV
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Stage I pressure injury is defined by intact skin with localized, non-blanchable erythema. Stage II involves partial-thickness loss of dermis, Stage III full-thickness skin loss, and Stage IV exposed bone/muscle.
Q. 4 Nursing
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
What is the standard minimum temperature and holding time required for moist-heat sterilization inside an autoclave operating at 15 psi pressure?
A
100°C for 60 minutes
B
121°C for 15-20 minutes
✓ Correct
C
160°C for 2 hours
D
80°C for 30 minutes
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Autoclaving utilizes saturated pressurized steam at 121°C (250°F) under 15 psi (103 kPa) for at least 15-20 minutes to kill all vegetative microorganisms and bacterial endospores.
Q. 5 Nursing
Difficulty: Medium (1 Mark)
Before feeding a patient through an established nasogastric (NG) tube, what is the most reliable bedside nursing method to verify correct tube placement?
A
Aspirating gastric contents and measuring pH (< 5.5 on pH paper)
✓ Correct
B
Auscultating an air bolus over the epigastrium
C
Placing the distal tube end in a glass of water
D
Checking if the patient can speak
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Aspirating gastric fluid and testing for acidic pH (<5.5) is the most reliable bedside method; radiographic confirmation is the absolute gold standard for initial placement.
Q. 6 Nursing
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
To prevent urinary tract infections in a patient with an indwelling Foley catheter, the drainage bag should always be positioned:
A
At the level of the patient's heart
B
Below the level of the patient's bladder
✓ Correct
C
Resting directly on the floor
D
Hanging from the top bed rail
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Keeping the drainage bag below the level of the bladder prevents retrograde backflow of contaminated urine into the bladder, which is the primary cause of CAUTI.
Q. 7 Nursing
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
When administering an intramuscular (IM) injection to an adult, what is the correct angle of needle insertion into the muscle?
A
15 degrees
B
45 degrees
C
90 degrees
✓ Correct
D
25 degrees
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Intramuscular injections are administered at a 90-degree angle to penetrate the subcutaneous tissue and deposit medication deeply into the vascular muscle mass.
Q. 8 Nursing
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
Which of the following describes the correct technique for sterile donning of gloves?
A
Touching the outside surface of the glove with bare hands
B
Touching only the folded inner cuff of the first glove with the bare hand
✓ Correct
C
Washing hands with cold water and putting gloves on wet hands
D
Blowing into the glove to open fingers
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
When donning sterile gloves, the un-gloved hand touches only the turned-down inner cuff (which will be in contact with the skin), preserving the outer glove sterility.
Q. 9 Nursing
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
Which of the following is an example of an airborne isolation precaution requiring an N95 respirator mask and negative-pressure isolation room?
A
Clostridioides difficile colitis
B
Open active pulmonary tuberculosis
✓ Correct
C
Streptococcal pharyngitis
D
Wound infection with MRSA
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is transmitted via droplet nuclei (<5 um) that remain suspended in air; healthcare workers must wear fit-tested N95 respirators.
Q. 10 Nursing
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
The normal oral body temperature range for an adult in degrees Celsius is approximately:
A
35.0°C - 35.5°C
B
36.5°C - 37.5°C
✓ Correct
C
38.0°C - 38.5°C
D
39.0°C - 39.5°C
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Normal adult body temperature typically fluctuates between 36.5°C and 37.5°C (97.7°F to 99.5°F).
Q. 11 Nursing
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
What is the recommended color-coded bag for disposing of infectious and pathological biomedical hospital waste?
A
Black bag
B
Yellow bag
✓ Correct
C
Clear bag
D
Blue bag
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Under biomedical waste management rules, yellow bags/containers are used for infectious waste, body tissues, and swabs for incineration.
Q. 12 Nursing
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
To assess an adult patient's ear canal during otoscopic examination, the nurse should pull the pinna:
A
Down and back
B
Up and back
✓ Correct
C
Straight forward
D
Directly downward
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
In adults, pulling the pinna up and back straightens the external auditory canal. In children under 3 years, it is pulled down and back.
Q. 13 Nursing
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
Which nursing action is essential immediately after performing an arterial blood gas (ABG) puncture from the radial artery?
A
Apply ice pack for 10 minutes
B
Apply continuous firm manual pressure over the puncture site for at least 5 minutes
✓ Correct
C
Cover with a loose cotton ball
D
Encourage active wrist flexion
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Direct pressure for at least 5 minutes (longer if coagulopathic) prevents arterial bleeding and hematoma formation.
Q. 14 Nursing
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
What is the primary purpose of a warm sitz bath prescribed for a patient following hemorrhoidectomy or episiotomy?
A
To prevent fever
B
To promote circulation, relieve perineal pain, and facilitate healing
✓ Correct
C
To sterilize the wound
D
To induce bowel movements
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Sitz baths provide moist heat to the pelvic area, relaxing sphincters, reducing edema, and alleviating pain.
Q. 15 Nursing
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
The normal urine output in an adult is considered adequate when it is at least:
A
10 mL/hour
B
30 mL/hour (or 0.5 mL/kg/hour)
✓ Correct
C
75 mL/hour
D
100 mL/hour
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
An hourly urine output of less than 30 mL/hr (oliguria) in an adult signals inadequate renal perfusion, dehydration, or acute renal impairment.
Q. 16 Nursing
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
Which personal protective equipment (PPE) should be removed FIRST when doffing after caring for an isolation patient?
A
Mask/respirator
B
Gloves (most contaminated)
✓ Correct
C
Gown
D
Goggles
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Gloves are considered the most contaminated item and are removed first, followed by eyewear/goggles, gown, and finally the mask outside the room.
Q. 17 Nursing
Difficulty: Medium (1 Mark)
To obtain an accurate blood pressure measurement, the bladder of the BP cuff should encircle what percentage of the patient's arm circumference?
A
20%
B
80% to 100%
✓ Correct
C
40%
D
50%
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
A properly sized blood pressure cuff bladder must cover 80% to 100% of the upper arm circumference; a cuff that is too small falsely elevates blood pressure.
Q. 18 Nursing
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
The primary nursing intervention to prevent foot drop in a bedridden, paralyzed stroke patient is:
A
Applying footboards or high-top sneakers to keep feet at 90-degree dorsiflexion
✓ Correct
B
Elevating the knees with a pillow
C
Massaging the calf muscles daily
D
Keeping feet extended in plantar flexion
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Footboards maintain the ankle joint in a neutral functional 90-degree position, preventing contractures and Achilles tendon shortening.
Q. 19 Nursing
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
Which pulse site is standardly auscultated to assess heart rate in infants and young children under 2 years?
A
Radial pulse
B
Apical pulse (4th intercostal space, left midclavicular line)
✓ Correct
C
Carotid pulse
D
Popliteal pulse
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The apical pulse provides the most accurate heart rate in infants because peripheral pulses are faint and rapid.
Q. 20 Nursing
Difficulty: Easy (1 Mark)
The process of destroying all viable forms of microbial life, including bacterial spores, is defined as:
A
Sanitization
B
Sterilization
✓ Correct
C
Disinfection
D
Antisepsis
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Sterilization eliminates all microorganisms including resilient bacterial endospores, whereas disinfection reduces pathogen counts on inanimate objects.
Q. 21 Nursing
Difficulty: Medium (1 Mark)
Clinical Scenario 1: In managing a specialized nursing procedure for Fundamentals of Nursing & Infection Control, which clinical standard ensures optimal patient safety and outcome?
A
Adhere strictly to aseptic technique, continuous vital signs monitoring, and documentation of patient tolerance
✓ Correct
B
Bypass safety checklists to expedite bedside care
C
Delegate patient assessment to non-clinical orderlies
D
Administer medication without checking physician orders
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Adherence to institutional aseptic guidelines, rigorous monitoring of patient physiological responses, and precise charting constitute the gold standard of professional nursing accountability.
Q. 22 Nursing
Difficulty: Medium (1 Mark)
Clinical Scenario 5: In managing a specialized nursing procedure for Fundamentals of Nursing & Infection Control, which clinical standard ensures optimal patient safety and outcome?
A
Adhere strictly to aseptic technique, continuous vital signs monitoring, and documentation of patient tolerance
✓ Correct
B
Bypass safety checklists to expedite bedside care
C
Delegate patient assessment to non-clinical orderlies
D
Administer medication without checking physician orders
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Adherence to institutional aseptic guidelines, rigorous monitoring of patient physiological responses, and precise charting constitute the gold standard of professional nursing accountability.
Q. 23 Nursing
Difficulty: Medium (1 Mark)
Clinical Scenario 9: In managing a specialized nursing procedure for Fundamentals of Nursing & Infection Control, which clinical standard ensures optimal patient safety and outcome?
A
Adhere strictly to aseptic technique, continuous vital signs monitoring, and documentation of patient tolerance
✓ Correct
B
Bypass safety checklists to expedite bedside care
C
Delegate patient assessment to non-clinical orderlies
D
Administer medication without checking physician orders
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Adherence to institutional aseptic guidelines, rigorous monitoring of patient physiological responses, and precise charting constitute the gold standard of professional nursing accountability.
Q. 24 Nursing
Difficulty: Medium (1 Mark)
Clinical Scenario 13: In managing a specialized nursing procedure for Fundamentals of Nursing & Infection Control, which clinical standard ensures optimal patient safety and outcome?
A
Adhere strictly to aseptic technique, continuous vital signs monitoring, and documentation of patient tolerance
✓ Correct
B
Bypass safety checklists to expedite bedside care
C
Delegate patient assessment to non-clinical orderlies
D
Administer medication without checking physician orders
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Adherence to institutional aseptic guidelines, rigorous monitoring of patient physiological responses, and precise charting constitute the gold standard of professional nursing accountability.
Q. 25 Nursing
Difficulty: Medium (1 Mark)
Clinical Scenario 17: In managing a specialized nursing procedure for Fundamentals of Nursing & Infection Control, which clinical standard ensures optimal patient safety and outcome?
A
Adhere strictly to aseptic technique, continuous vital signs monitoring, and documentation of patient tolerance
✓ Correct
B
Bypass safety checklists to expedite bedside care
C
Delegate patient assessment to non-clinical orderlies
D
Administer medication without checking physician orders
💡 Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Adherence to institutional aseptic guidelines, rigorous monitoring of patient physiological responses, and precise charting constitute the gold standard of professional nursing accountability.
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