Q. 1
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
He said to me, "Which is the shortest way?"
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Reporting Verb: The underlying sentence is a question asking for directions (e.g., "Which is the shortest way?"). For questions, the reporting verb "said to me" transitions into "asked me".
Word Order Shift: A direct question uses an interrogative format (Verb + Subject). In indirect narration, it must shift to an assertive statement format (Subject + Verb). Therefore, "which was the shortest way" changes into "which the shortest way was".
No Extra Conjunctions: For "Wh-" question words (like which, what, where), the question word acts as the connector. No additional conjunctions like "that" are added.
Word Order Shift: A direct question uses an interrogative format (Verb + Subject). In indirect narration, it must shift to an assertive statement format (Subject + Verb). Therefore, "which was the shortest way" changes into "which the shortest way was".
No Extra Conjunctions: For "Wh-" question words (like which, what, where), the question word acts as the connector. No additional conjunctions like "that" are added.
Q. 2
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
He said, "Alas! How foolish I have been!"
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Use of "exclaimed" for an exclamatory sentence.
Q. 3
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
He said to his master, "Pardon me."
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Use of "begged" and infinitive for an imperative request.
Q. 4
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
The teacher said, "I will not come tomorrow."
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Pronoun Shift: The first-person pronoun "I" from the direct speech correctly shifts to the third-person pronoun "he" to match the speaker (the teacher).
Tense Shift: The future modal "will" correctly shifts to its past form "would" because the reporting verb is in the past tense.
Time Word Shift: Words expressing closeness in time must shift to words expressing distance. Therefore, "tomorrow" correctly changes to "the next day".
Tense Shift: The future modal "will" correctly shifts to its past form "would" because the reporting verb is in the past tense.
Time Word Shift: Words expressing closeness in time must shift to words expressing distance. Therefore, "tomorrow" correctly changes to "the next day".
Q. 5
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
He said, "I have not worked hard."
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Use of "admitted" to report a confession.
Q. 6
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
He said, "I will do this in a perfect manner."
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Use of "advised" for an imperative suggestion.
Q. 7
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
I said, "If my fault is proved, I will pay the fine."
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Conditional Structure: The underlying direct speech is a conditional sentence (Type 1 conditional): I said, "If my fault is proved, I will pay the fine."
Tense Shift: When converting to indirect narration with a past-tense reporting verb ("replied"), the tenses shift backward:
Present simple passive (is proved) shifts to past simple passive (was proved).
Future simple modal (will pay) shifts to conditional modal (would pay).
Grammatical Completeness: Option D preserves the original cause-and-effect meaning ("if... then...") clearly and grammatically.
Tense Shift: When converting to indirect narration with a past-tense reporting verb ("replied"), the tenses shift backward:
Present simple passive (is proved) shifts to past simple passive (was proved).
Future simple modal (will pay) shifts to conditional modal (would pay).
Grammatical Completeness: Option D preserves the original cause-and-effect meaning ("if... then...") clearly and grammatically.
Q. 8
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
The scientist said, "The earth is round."
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The Universal Truth Rule: The statement "The earth is round" is a universal scientific fact. When a statement in direct speech represents a universal truth, geographical fact, or proverb, its tense does not change in indirect speech, even if the reporting verb is in the past tense ("said/told"). It must remain in the present tense (is).
Q. 9
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
He said, "Goodbye, my friends!"
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
"Bade" is the standard reporting verb for "Good-bye".
Q. 10
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
The man said, "What do you mean?"
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Reporting Verb: The underlying sentence is a question (e.g., "What do you mean?"). For questions, the reporting verb must change to "asked".
Word Order Shift: Direct questions use an interrogative structure (Verb + Subject). When changed to indirect narration, they must switch to an assertive format (Subject + Verb). Therefore, "what did he mean" converts to "what he meant".
Tense Shift: The original present simple question ("What do you mean?") shifts back to the past simple ("meant") because the reporting verb ("asked") is in the past tense.
Word Order Shift: Direct questions use an interrogative structure (Verb + Subject). When changed to indirect narration, they must switch to an assertive format (Subject + Verb). Therefore, "what did he mean" converts to "what he meant".
Tense Shift: The original present simple question ("What do you mean?") shifts back to the past simple ("meant") because the reporting verb ("asked") is in the past tense.
Q. 11
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
he man said, "Alas! I am ruined."
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Use of "exclaimed with sorrow" for "Alas!".
Q. 12
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
She said to me, "Honesty is the best policy."
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The Object Rule: The verb "told" requires a direct object (the listener). Adding "me" satisfies this grammatical requirement perfectly.
The Universal Truth Rule: Because "Honesty is the best policy" is a well-known proverb and a universal truth, the present tense verb "is" must not change to the past tense "was". It remains true in the present day.
The Universal Truth Rule: Because "Honesty is the best policy" is a well-known proverb and a universal truth, the present tense verb "is" must not change to the past tense "was". It remains true in the present day.
Q. 13
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
Ali said to his friend, "Why are you idling away time?"
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Reporting a "why" question using "asked".
Q. 14
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
He said to the astrologer, "How do you like the stars?"
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Indirect question word order: Wh-word + subject + verb.
Q. 15
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
The professor said, "Can he solve the sum?"
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Use of "if" for a yes/no question in indirect speech.
Q. 16
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
Ali said to the principal, "Thank you, sir. You have done me a favour."
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Formal reporting of "thank you".
Q. 17
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
The boys said to the teacher, "Please allow us to go home."
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Imperative request using "asked... to".
Q. 18
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
The dacoit said to the man, "I will rescue you."
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Reporting a promise/assurance; "will" changes to "would".
Q. 19
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
Ali said, "Mother has arrived!"
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Handling the Emotion: The construction "Ali was surprised to find..." perfectly translates the emotional tone of an unexpected event or exclamation into standard indirect reporting format.
Tense Shift (Backshifting): The reporting context is in the past tense. Therefore, the present perfect tense inside the direct speech ("has arrived") must shift backward into the past perfect tense ("had arrived").
Tense Shift (Backshifting): The reporting context is in the past tense. Therefore, the present perfect tense inside the direct speech ("has arrived") must shift backward into the past perfect tense ("had arrived").
Q. 20
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
They said, "By God, we have not seen the thief."
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Reporting an oath using "swore by God".
Q. 21
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
He said, "Has he come?"
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Here is how the grammar rules apply to create the correct indirect narration:
Reporting Verb: Because the direct speech is a question, the reporting verb "said" shifts to "asked".
Conjunction: For Yes/No questions, you must use the conjunction "if" or "whether" to connect the clauses.
Tense Shift (Backshifting): The reporting verb is in the past tense (said/asked), so the original tense must shift backward into the Past Perfect tense (had come).
Present Perfect ("has come") $\rightarrow$ Past Perfect ("had come").
Past Simple ("did come") $\rightarrow$ Past Perfect ("had come").
Word Order: The interrogative structure shifts to a declarative structure (subject + verb), changing from "has he" to "he had".
Putting it all together results perfectly in Option C: "He asked if he had come."
Reporting Verb: Because the direct speech is a question, the reporting verb "said" shifts to "asked".
Conjunction: For Yes/No questions, you must use the conjunction "if" or "whether" to connect the clauses.
Tense Shift (Backshifting): The reporting verb is in the past tense (said/asked), so the original tense must shift backward into the Past Perfect tense (had come).
Present Perfect ("has come") $\rightarrow$ Past Perfect ("had come").
Past Simple ("did come") $\rightarrow$ Past Perfect ("had come").
Word Order: The interrogative structure shifts to a declarative structure (subject + verb), changing from "has he" to "he had".
Putting it all together results perfectly in Option C: "He asked if he had come."
Q. 22
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
He said, "Hello, how are you?"
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Handling the Greeting ("Hello"): A greeting like "Hello" is used to get someone's attention. In formal reported speech, this is transformed using a descriptive action verb like "addressed him" or "greeted him".
Reporting Verb: The second part of the statement is a question ("how are you?"), which requires a reporting verb like "ask" or "asked".
Pronoun and Tense Shift: The pronoun "you" shifts to a third-person perspective ("he"), and the present tense verb "are" backshifts into the past tense ("was").
Word Order: The question format (verb + subject / "are you") changes into standard declarative word order (subject + verb / "he was").
Putting these rules together yields: "He addressed him to ask how he was."
Reporting Verb: The second part of the statement is a question ("how are you?"), which requires a reporting verb like "ask" or "asked".
Pronoun and Tense Shift: The pronoun "you" shifts to a third-person perspective ("he"), and the present tense verb "are" backshifts into the past tense ("was").
Word Order: The question format (verb + subject / "are you") changes into standard declarative word order (subject + verb / "he was").
Putting these rules together yields: "He addressed him to ask how he was."
Q. 23
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
He said, "Go away."
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Imperative command using "ordered".
Q. 24
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
He said, "How can I judge it?"
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Reporting a "how" question using "asked".
Q. 25
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
The officer said, "Bravo! March forward."
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Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Reporting "Bravo!" using "encouraged".
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