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DIRECTOR ARCHITECTURE (BS-18) Complete Preparation Guide & Solved Questions (2026) - Apex Rankers
NTS Recruitment Examination Syllabus & Question Bank
6502 Total
Questions
~9753 mins Read
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4 Subject Areas
🎯 High-Yield Preparation Strategy
✓ 100% Comprehensive Guide
📘 Official Examination Scheme, Question Blueprint & Interview Masterclass
Official Written Examination Blueprint & Master Preparation Guide
Candidate Selection Architecture for DIRECTOR ARCHITECTURE (BS-18)
📋 1. Examination Scheme & Marking Blueprint
The competitive recruitment screening for DIRECTOR ARCHITECTURE (BS-18) consists of a single-paper 100-mark Multiple Choice Question (MCQ) written examination evaluating Public Administration, Office Governance, English Language Comprehension, and General Knowledge. The assessment duration is standardized at 90 minutes. A strict qualifying benchmark of 50% aggregate marks is mandatory for merit consideration. Negative marking is applied at a rate of 0.25 marks deducted per incorrect response, requiring candidates to exercise disciplined accuracy during question selection. Top-merit qualifiers are shortlisted for panel interview scrutiny at a ratio of 1:5 against announced vacancies.
| Examination Subject / Question Type | Target Marks | Weightage | Cognitive Focus & Syllabus Benchmark |
|---|---|---|---|
| Public Administration | 40 MCQs | 40% | Public Policy Implementation, Civil Service Governance, Human Resource Management, Budgeting & PFM |
| Office Governance | 25 MCQs | 25% | Rules of Business, Official Correspondence, Secretariat Procedures, PPRA Rules |
| English Language Comprehension | 20 MCQs | 20% | Grammar rules, sentence structuring, vocabulary, reading comprehension |
| General Knowledge | 15 MCQs | 15% | World affairs, international organizations, geography, everyday facts |
💡 2. High-Yield Conceptual Problem Solving & Case Scenarios
Mastery of applied operational problems is essential for securing top-tier percentiles. The following high-yield case scenarios reflect actual operational scenarios encountered in competitive selection exams:
Scenario 1: Authentic Practical Scenario 1 for Director Architecture
Operational Dilemma: A new NADRA facility requires integration of advanced security features while adhering to local building codes. How would you approach this challenge?
💡 Model Answer & Protocol: Conduct a site visit to assess current security measures. Collaborate with security experts to identify gaps. Develop a plan to integrate advanced security features without compromising compliance.
Standard: The solution should demonstrate a thorough understanding of both security requirements and building codes.
Scenario 2: Authentic Practical Scenario 2 for Director Architecture
Operational Dilemma: An existing NADRA building needs renovation to improve energy efficiency. What steps would you take to ensure the project meets sustainability standards?
💡 Model Answer & Protocol: Assess the current energy consumption patterns. Identify areas for improvement such as insulation, lighting, and HVAC systems. Develop a detailed renovation plan that incorporates sustainable materials and practices.
Standard: The plan should outline specific actions and timelines for achieving energy efficiency goals.
Scenario 3: Authentic Practical Scenario 3 for Director Architecture
Operational Dilemma: A team member reports a potential safety hazard in a NADRA facility. How would you address this issue?
💡 Model Answer & Protocol: Conduct an immediate inspection to verify the reported hazard. Document the findings and initiate corrective actions. Communicate the resolution process to all relevant parties.
Standard: The response should demonstrate a proactive approach to safety and effective communication.
🎯 3. Departmental Selection Board Viva Voce & Panel Interview
Candidates shortlisted after the written screening will appear before a 3 to 5 member Departmental Selection Board. Interviews evaluate professional mastery, situational integrity, and knowledge of official rules.
Q1: How do you ensure compliance with building codes during architectural projects?
Model Response: I ensure compliance by conducting regular audits, engaging with regulatory bodies, and staying updated on code changes. I also involve legal experts to review plans before final approval.
Q2: Can you describe your experience in managing large-scale architectural projects?
Model Response: I have managed several large-scale projects involving multiple stakeholders. My experience includes coordinating with architects, engineers, and contractors to ensure timely completion and quality standards.
Q3: What strategies do you use to promote sustainable architecture practices?
Model Response: I promote sustainable practices by integrating green building materials, optimizing energy usage, and implementing water conservation measures. I also educate my team on the importance of sustainability and encourage innovation in eco-friendly solutions.
Q4: How do you handle conflicts between design aesthetics and functional requirements?
Model Response: I prioritize functionality while maintaining aesthetic appeal. I engage with the design team to find a balance that satisfies both criteria. Regular meetings and open communication help resolve any discrepancies early in the project lifecycle.
📅 4. 14-Day Strategic Revision Roadmap
Execute this structured two-week study plan to consolidate syllabus coverage and peak cognitive readiness:
- Days 1-5: Public Administration Mastery: Cover core theoretical foundations, statutory frameworks, technical standards, and high-frequency past paper questions.
- Days 6-8: Office Governance Consolidation: Practice applied concepts, terminology, analytical structures, and domain-specific problem sets.
- Days 9-11: English Language Comprehension & Complementary Modules: Revise essential facts, regulatory rules, and cross-functional aptitude topics.
- Days 12-13: Error Log & Viva Voce Preparation: Review weak topic areas and rehearse oral responses for the Departmental Selection Board interview.
- Day 14: Full-Length Timed Mock Simulation: Complete two 100-MCQ timed mock tests strictly within 90 minutes to lock in pacing.
✅ 5. Examination Day Protocol & Merit Optimization Strategy
Candidates appearing for the DIRECTOR ARCHITECTURE (BS-18) (BS-18) screening examination should strictly observe official test center protocols: carry the original CNIC, printed Roll Number Slip, and black or blue ballpoint pens for OMR bubble shading. Allocate the first 45 minutes to high-confidence questions in Public Administration and Office Governance before attempting multi-step analytical items. Maintain a minimum 80% accuracy rate across attempted items to absorb any negative marking deductions and secure a top-decile merit ranking for the Departmental Selection Committee interview.
Q. 1
Public Administration
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Who is universally recognized as the 'Father of Public Administration' following his seminal 1887 essay 'The Study of Administration'?
A
Woodrow Wilson
✓ Correct
B
Max Weber
C
Henri Fayol
D
Frederick Winslow Taylor
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Woodrow Wilson's 1887 essay 'The Study of Administration' argued that administration lies outside the proper sphere of politics and established public administration as an independent field of study (Politics-Administration Dichotomy).
Q. 2
Public Administration
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
The famous administrative acronym 'POSDCORB' was coined by which administrative theorist(s)?
A
Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick
✓ Correct
B
Chester Barnard and Herbert Simon
C
Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger
D
Peter Drucker and Philip Selznick
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
In their 1937 work 'Papers on the Science of Administration', Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick coined POSDCORB: Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, and Budgeting.
Q. 3
Public Administration
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
In the acronym POSDCORB, what does the letter 'CO' stand for?
A
Coordinating
✓ Correct
B
Controlling
C
Cooperating
D
Communicating
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
In Luther Gulick's POSDCORB formulation, 'CO' stands for Coordinating—the inter-relating of the various parts of the work.
Q. 4
Public Administration
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
According to Max Weber, which type of authority forms the foundation of modern public bureaucracy?
A
Legal-rational authority
✓ Correct
B
Traditional authority
C
Charismatic authority
D
Paternalistic authority
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Max Weber categorized authority into Traditional, Charismatic, and Legal-rational. Legal-rational authority is based on impersonal rules, written laws, and formal procedures, forming the basis of modern modern bureaucracy.
Q. 5
Public Administration
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Max Weber's ideal-type bureaucracy?
A
Subjective favoritism and personal discretion without written records
✓ Correct
B
Hierarchy of offices with clearly demarcated authority
C
Impersonal rules and standardized regulations
D
Specialization of labor and merit-based career tenure
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Weber's ideal bureaucracy is characterized by strict impersonality, official hierarchy, formal rules, merit appointments, and comprehensive written records (files), explicitly eliminating subjective nepotism and personal whim.
Q. 6
Public Administration
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Henri Fayol, known as the father of Classical Management Theory, formulated how many general principles of management?
A
14 Principles
✓ Correct
B
10 Principles
C
7 Principles
D
12 Principles
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
In his 1916 work 'Administration Industrielle et Générale', Henri Fayol formulated the 14 Principles of Management, including Division of Work, Unity of Command, Unity of Direction, and Scalar Chain.
Q. 7
Public Administration
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Under Fayol's 14 principles of management, 'Unity of Command' dictates that:
A
An employee should receive orders from only one superior at any given time
✓ Correct
B
All employees should receive equal compensation
C
All organizational departments must be headed by a single executive
D
Management should command employees without questioning
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Unity of Command requires that an individual subordinate should receive instructions from, and be directly answerable to, only one immediate supervisor to prevent conflicting directions.
Q. 8
Public Administration
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
In Fayol's management theory, the concept of 'Gang Plank' refers to:
A
A direct horizontal communication bridge between employees of the same level across different lines of authority to prevent delays
✓ Correct
B
A disciplinary committee set up to dismiss corrupt workers
C
The executive boardroom in a corporation
D
A system of physical punishment for absenteeism
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Fayol introduced 'Gang Plank' (or Level Bridge) as an exception to the strict scalar chain, allowing direct lateral contact between officers of equivalent rank across departments in urgent situations with superior consent.
Q. 9
Public Administration
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
What does the principle of 'Span of Control' denote in public administration?
A
The number of subordinates that a manager can supervise effectively and directly
✓ Correct
B
The geographical radius covered by a district administration
C
The annual budgetary allocation of a ministry
D
The number of years an officer remains in civil service
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Span of Control (or span of management) refers to the number of subordinates who report directly to a single supervisor or executive.
Q. 10
Public Administration
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Frederick Winslow Taylor is celebrated as the founder of which administrative school of thought?
A
Scientific Management
✓ Correct
B
Human Relations Movement
C
Ecological Approach
D
New Public Service
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Frederick Winslow Taylor established Scientific Management (Taylorism) with his 1911 monograph 'The Principles of Scientific Management', emphasizing time-and-motion studies, standard procedures, and scientific selection of workers.
Q. 11
Public Administration
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
The famous 'Hawthorne Studies' (1924–1932) conducted by Elton Mayo and his associates led to the emergence of:
A
The Human Relations Movement in administrative theory
✓ Correct
B
The Bureaucratic Model of administration
C
The Scientific Management theory
D
The Transaction Cost Economics theory
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The Hawthorne Experiments at Western Electric Company revealed that social factors, group informal norms, recognition, and interpersonal relationships significantly affect worker productivity beyond mere physical conditions or financial incentives.
Q. 12
Public Administration
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
The landmark 1968 Minnowbrook Conference convened by Dwight Waldo gave birth to which paradigm in public administration?
A
New Public Administration (NPA)
✓ Correct
B
Scientific Management
C
Classical Organization Theory
D
Comparative Ecological Theory
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The Minnowbrook Conference I (1968) spearheaded by Dwight Waldo and young scholars launched New Public Administration (NPA), rejecting value-neutral efficiency and emphasizing social equity, relevance, values, and change.
Q. 13
Public Administration
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
What are the four foundational pillars of New Public Administration (NPA) formulated at Minnowbrook?
A
Relevance, Values, Social Equity, and Change
✓ Correct
B
Profit, Cost-cutting, Surveillance, and Red-tape
C
Centralization, Hierarchy, Autocracy, and Secrecy
D
Automation, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Auditing
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
NPA defined four core themes: Relevance (addressing societal crises), Values (rejection of value-free administration), Social Equity (improving conditions of the underprivileged), and Change (overcoming bureaucratic rigidity).
Q. 14
Public Administration
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
The doctrine of 'New Public Management' (NPM) popularized by David Osborne and Ted Gaebler in their 1992 book 'Reinventing Government' advocates for:
A
Adopting private sector market-driven practices, customer orientation, decentralization, and performance measurement in government
✓ Correct
B
Nationalization of all private industries
C
Strict expansion of rigid bureaucratic red-tape
D
Abolition of all elected parliamentary bodies
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
NPM focuses on 'steering rather than rowing', customer-driven government, performance measurement, contracting out, competition, and treating citizens as consumers of public services.
Q. 15
Public Administration
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
In Osborne and Gaebler's 'Reinventing Government' ten principles, 'Catalytic Government' refers to:
A
Steering rather than rowing (focusing on policy guidance and directing rather than service delivery)
✓ Correct
B
Chemical waste treatment plants management
C
Conducting nuclear research
D
Printing paper currency at national treasuries
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Catalytic government means governments should concentrate on setting policy directions, regulating, and catalyzing private and non-profit actors (steering) rather than doing all operational service delivery themselves (rowing).
Q. 16
Public Administration
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
The 'Ecological Approach' to the study of Comparative Public Administration was pioneered by which prominent scholar?
A
Fred W. Riggs
✓ Correct
B
Robert Dahl
C
Woodrow Wilson
D
Frank Goodnow
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Fred W. Riggs pioneered the Ecological Approach, analyzing how social, cultural, political, and economic environments influence public administration in developing nations (his famous 'Prismatic Model').
Q. 17
Public Administration
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
In Fred Riggs' structural-functional model, developing societies undergoing transition from agrarian to industrial structures are termed as:
A
Prismatic Societies
✓ Correct
B
Fused Societies
C
Diffracted Societies
D
Monolithic Societies
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Riggs classified societies into Fused (traditional/agrarian), Prismatic (transitional/developing), and Diffracted (modern/industrial). Prismatic societies exhibit formalistic laws, heterogeneity, and 'Sala' model administration.
Q. 18
Public Administration
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
In Riggs' Prismatic Model, what administrative phenomenon describes the gap between official enacted laws/rules and actual administrative practice?
A
Formalism
✓ Correct
B
Poly-normativism
C
Overlapping
D
Bazaaring
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Formalism in Riggsian theory refers to the degree of discrepancy between what is prescribed on paper by rules and constitutions and what is actually practiced on the ground by civil servants.
Q. 19
Public Administration
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Who authored the influential administrative book 'Functions of the Executive' (1938), introducing the concept of the organization as a cooperative social system?
A
Chester Barnard
✓ Correct
B
Herbert Simon
C
Mary Parker Follett
D
Elton Mayo
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Chester Barnard view an organization as a system of consciously coordinated personal activities and developed the 'Acceptance Theory of Authority' and the 'Zone of Indifference'.
Q. 20
Public Administration
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
According to Chester Barnard's 'Acceptance Theory of Authority', authority resides in the:
A
Subordinate who decides whether or not to accept and obey the communication
✓ Correct
B
Physical badges and uniform worn by the superior
C
Judicial bench exclusively
D
Armed forces commander
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Barnard revolutionized authority theory by asserting that authority is not inherent in the superior's position, but exists only if the subordinate accepts it as authoritative.
Q. 21
Public Administration
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
Chester Barnard defined that region of orders which a subordinate will accept without conscious questioning of the authority as the:
A
Zone of Indifference
✓ Correct
B
Zone of Acceptance
C
Zone of Resistance
D
Span of Supervision
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Barnard called this the 'Zone of Indifference'. (Later Herbert Simon modified it slightly and termed it the 'Zone of Acceptance').
Q. 22
Public Administration
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Who is known as the 'Prophet of Management' for her pioneering work on constructive conflict, integration, and circular response?
A
Mary Parker Follett
✓ Correct
B
Lillian Gilbreth
C
Joan Woodward
D
Rosabeth Moss Kanter
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Mary Parker Follett introduced human-centric concepts like 'Integration' for resolving conflict, 'Power-with' rather than 'Power-over', and the 'Law of the Situation'.
Q. 23
Public Administration
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
According to Mary Parker Follett, what is the best method for resolving organizational conflict where neither party surrenders and both desires are integrated?
A
Integration
✓ Correct
B
Domination
C
Compromise
D
Avoidance
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Follett identified three ways of resolving conflict: Domination, Compromise, and Integration. She advocated Integration because neither party sacrifices their core desire and a creative win-win solution is found.
Q. 24
Public Administration
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
In administrative theory, 'Delegation of Authority' involves the transfer of:
A
Responsibility for performing tasks and the requisite authority, while the delegator retains ultimate accountability
✓ Correct
B
Complete abdication of all leadership roles permanently
C
Official salary from superior to subordinate
D
Judicial immunity from civil service rules
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Delegation involves assigning work and granting necessary decision-making authority to a subordinate, but the superior cannot delegate ultimate accountability to higher authorities.
Q. 25
Public Administration
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Which classical administrative principle asserts that accountability can NEVER be delegated?
A
Principle of Absoluteness of Responsibility / Accountability
✓ Correct
B
Principle of Subsidiarity
C
Principle of Departmentalization
D
Principle of Unity of Direction
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The Principle of Absoluteness of Accountability states that while authority may be delegated, the delegating manager remains unconditionally accountable for the actions of their subordinates.
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Q. 1
Office Governance
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
The Rules of Business 1973 are framed under which Article of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan?
A
Article 90 and Article 99
✓ Correct
B
Article 48 and Article 58
C
Article 175 and Article 212
D
Article 240 and Article 242
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Under Articles 90 and 99(3) of the Constitution of Pakistan, the Federal Government makes rules for the allocation and transaction of its business (the Rules of Business, 1973).
Q. 2
Office Governance
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Under the Rules of Business 1973, what is a 'Division' defined as?
A
A self-contained administrative unit responsible for the conduct of business of the Federal Government in a distinct specified sphere and declared as such by Federal Government
✓ Correct
B
A military infantry brigade
C
A revenue divisional commissioner's regional territory
D
A commercial branch of a state bank
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Rule 2(vii) of the Rules of Business 1973 defines 'Division' as a self-contained administrative unit responsible for the conduct of business of the Federal Government in a distinct specified sphere.
Q. 3
Office Governance
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Under Rule 4 of the Rules of Business 1973, who is the official administrative head of a Division and assists the Federal Minister in the formulation and execution of policy?
A
The Secretary to the Federal Government (in-charge of the Division)
✓ Correct
B
The Section Officer
C
The Director General of the Attached Department
D
The Cabinet Secretary alone
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Rule 4(1) provides: In each Division there shall be a Secretary who shall be the official head of the Division and shall assist the Minister in charge in the formulation of policy and shall be responsible for its proper execution.
Q. 4
Office Governance
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Under Rule 4(5) of the Rules of Business 1973, who is designated as the 'Principal Accounting Officer' (PAO) of the Ministry / Division?
A
The Secretary of the Division
✓ Correct
B
The Federal Minister
C
The Accountant General Pakistan Revenues (AGPR)
D
The Chief Finance and Accounts Officer (CFAO)
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Rule 4(5) dictates that the Secretary shall be the Principal Accounting Officer (PAO) of the Division, its Attached Departments, and Subordinate Offices, personally accountable for budgetary propriety to the Public Accounts Committee.
Q. 5
Office Governance
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
In the Federal Secretariat of Pakistan, what is an 'Attached Department' under the Rules of Business 1973?
A
A department with the status of an attached department under Schedule III, providing executive operational machinery to implement policy decisions of a Division
✓ Correct
B
An additional room attached to the Minister's office
C
A municipal corporation running local parks
D
A foreign diplomatic embassy in Islamabad
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Attached Departments (listed in Schedule III to the Rules of Business) are specialized executive field organizations headed by Directors General/Inspectors General that execute policies formulated by the Secretariat Division.
Q. 6
Office Governance
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Which Schedule to the Rules of Business 1973 specifies the 'Distribution of Business among the Divisions'?
A
Schedule II
✓ Correct
B
Schedule I
C
Schedule IV
D
Schedule VII
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Schedule II of the Rules of Business 1973 details the exact allocation and distribution of statutory functions and executive subjects among all the Divisions of the Federal Government.
Q. 7
Office Governance
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Which Schedule to the Rules of Business 1973 lists the 'List of Attached Departments' affiliated with each Division?
A
Schedule III
✓ Correct
B
Schedule I
C
Schedule V
D
Schedule VI
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Schedule III explicitly enumerates all statutory Attached Departments of the Federal Government mapped to their parent administrative Divisions.
Q. 8
Office Governance
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Under Rule 8 of the Rules of Business 1973, which Division must be mandatorily consulted on any proposal involving financial expenditure, taxes, foreign aid, or terms and conditions affecting salary/pension?
A
Finance Division
✓ Correct
B
Cabinet Division
C
Establishment Division
D
Planning, Development & Special Initiatives Division
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Rule 8 mandates that no Division shall, without prior consultation with the Finance Division, authorize any proposal that directly or indirectly affects the finances of the Federation or involves public expenditure.
Q. 9
Office Governance
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Under Rule 9 of the Rules of Business 1973, which Division must be mandatorily consulted on legal advice, interpretation of any constitutional provision or law, and drafting of all official legislation/ordinances?
A
Law and Justice Division
✓ Correct
B
Interior Division
C
Cabinet Division
D
Establishment Division
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Rule 9 requires all Divisions to consult the Law and Justice Division on all legal questions, interpretation of statutes, drafting of bills, statutory rules and orders (SROs), and international treaties.
Q. 10
Office Governance
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Under Rule 10 of the Rules of Business 1973, which Division must be mandatorily consulted on general service conditions, recruitment rules, framing of service cadres, and civil service disciplinary rules?
A
Establishment Division
✓ Correct
B
Finance Division
C
Planning Commission
D
Parliamentary Affairs Division
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Rule 10 stipulates that no Division shall issue any orders affecting terms and conditions of civil service, framing of recruitment rules, or organizational restructuring without prior consultation with the Establishment Division.
Q. 11
Office Governance
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Under Rule 11 of the Rules of Business 1973, which Division must be consulted on all foreign relations matters, treaties, and visits of foreign delegations?
A
Foreign Affairs Division
✓ Correct
B
Commerce Division
C
Interior Division
D
Defence Division
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Rule 11 requires mandatory consultation with the Foreign Affairs Division on all international agreements, interactions with foreign governments, and attendance at international conferences.
Q. 12
Office Governance
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Under Rule 14 of the Rules of Business 1973, where two or more Divisions disagree on an inter-ministerial policy matter after formal consultation, how is the dispute resolved?
A
The matter is submitted to the Prime Minister (or the Cabinet) for decision, typically via a joint Summary
✓ Correct
B
The matter is referred to the Supreme Court for commercial arbitration
C
The Division with the oldest Secretary wins automatically
D
The matter is immediately abandoned and dropped permanently
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Rule 14(1) dictates that if the consulting Divisions cannot reach an agreement, the initiating Division shall submit the case to the Prime Minister (or to the Cabinet) for a final binding decision.
Q. 13
Office Governance
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Under Rule 16 of the Rules of Business 1973, which of the following cases MUST be brought before the Federal Cabinet?
A
Proposals for federal legislation (including Presidential Ordinances), key international treaties, Annual Budget Statement, and major policy decisions
✓ Correct
B
Granting casual leave to a junior clerk
C
Purchasing office stationery under Rs. 10,000
D
Repairing a broken office water cooler
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Rule 16(1) lists cases that must be brought before Cabinet: legislative proposals, treaties, national budget, broad policy shifts, implementation of national plans, and matters where ministers disagree.
Q. 14
Office Governance
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Under Rule 18 of the Rules of Business 1973, how is a case submitted to the Federal Cabinet for consideration?
A
In the form of a concise, self-contained memorandum termed a 'Summary for the Cabinet'
✓ Correct
B
By sending all raw historical paper files in physical sacks
C
By sending an informal WhatsApp text to ministers
D
By publishing a notice in a local daily newspaper
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Rule 18 requires that a case submitted for Cabinet consideration shall take the form of a 'Summary for the Cabinet', drafted concisely and objectively by the sponsoring Division.
Q. 15
Office Governance
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
What are the standard mandatory components of a 'Summary for the Cabinet' prepared under Rule 18 of the Rules of Business 1973?
A
Heading, Sponsoring Division, Subject, Background/Facts of the case, Proposal, Views of consulted Divisions, and explicit approval sought from Cabinet
✓ Correct
B
Only the signatures of junior clerks
C
Photographs of office furniture
D
Full transcripts of court arguments
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Under Rule 18(2) and Cabinet Secretariat guidelines, a Cabinet Summary must be structured with: Heading, Sponsoring Division, Subject, History/Facts, Financial/Legal Implications, Views of Ministries consulted, and specific Recommendation/Proposal.
Q. 16
Office Governance
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Under Rule 18(6) of the Rules of Business 1973, a Summary for the Cabinet must be approved and signed by the:
A
Minister in charge (and initiated by the Secretary of the Division)
✓ Correct
B
Section Officer only
C
Supreme Court Registrar
D
Private sector corporate contractor
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Under Rule 18(6), every Summary for the Cabinet must be signed by the Minister-in-charge (or Minister of State) before transmission to the Cabinet Secretary.
Q. 17
Office Governance
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Under Rule 17 of the Rules of Business 1973, can a decision of the Federal Cabinet be taken by 'Circulation' without convening a physical meeting?
A
Yes, if the Prime Minister so directs, the Cabinet Secretary circulates the summary to Ministers for their written views within a prescribed time limit
✓ Correct
B
No, circulation is strictly forbidden under the Constitution
C
Yes, but only during wartime emergencies
D
Only if approved by unanimous parliamentary resolution
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Rule 17(1) provides for Cabinet Decision by Circulation: When the Prime Minister so directs, the Cabinet Secretary circulates the summary to all Ministers, and if accepted without objection, it is recorded as a Cabinet decision.
Q. 18
Office Governance
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Who records the official minutes and decisions of the Federal Cabinet meetings in Pakistan?
A
The Cabinet Secretary (head of the Cabinet Division)
✓ Correct
B
The Attorney General of Pakistan
C
The Speaker of the National Assembly
D
The Secretary Law
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Under Rule 20 of the Rules of Business, the Cabinet Secretary attends all Cabinet meetings and is responsible for preparing and circulating the formal record of decisions of the Cabinet.
Q. 19
Office Governance
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Under Rule 24 of the Rules of Business 1973, which major statutory standing committee of the Federal Cabinet coordinates and approves macro-economic and financial policy decisions?
A
Economic Coordination Committee (ECC) of the Cabinet
✓ Correct
B
Cabinet Committee on Sports
C
National Assembly Public Accounts Committee
D
Senate Standing Committee on Defence
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The Economic Coordination Committee (ECC) of the Cabinet is the principal executive economic committee of the Federal Government, chaired by the Finance Minister, taking decisions on pricing, imports, subsidies, and fiscal stability.
Q. 20
Office Governance
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Under Rule 24, which standing committee of the Federal Cabinet is responsible for reviewing and approving privatization proposals and restructuring of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs)?
A
Cabinet Committee on Privatization (CCOP)
✓ Correct
B
Council of Common Interests (CCI)
C
National Economic Council (NEC)
D
Federal Public Service Commission (FPSC)
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The Cabinet Committee on Privatization (CCOP) reviews privatization transactions, disinvestment strategies, and restructuring plans for public sector commercial enterprises.
Q. 21
Office Governance
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Under Rule 24, which Cabinet Committee reviews energy sector policies, power tariffs, and fuel supply contracts in Pakistan?
A
Cabinet Committee on Energy (CCoE)
✓ Correct
B
Cabinet Committee on Disposal of Legislative Cases (CCLC)
C
Cabinet Committee on Institutional Reforms (CCIR)
D
Atomic Energy Commission
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The Cabinet Committee on Energy (CCoE) oversees petroleum, power generation, LNG imports, and circular debt management across the national energy sector.
Q. 22
Office Governance
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Under Rule 24, which Cabinet Committee is mandated to scrutinize, review, and clear legislative drafts, bills, and ordinances before submission to the full Cabinet?
A
Cabinet Committee for Disposal of Legislative Cases (CCLC)
✓ Correct
B
Economic Coordination Committee (ECC)
C
Public Accounts Committee (PAC)
D
National Security Committee (NSC)
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The CCLC (Cabinet Committee for Disposal of Legislative Cases), chaired by the Minister for Law & Justice, conducts detailed clause-by-clause legal examination of draft legislation prior to Cabinet endorsement.
Q. 23
Office Governance
Difficulty: Hard
(1 Mark)
Which Schedule to the Rules of Business 1973 lists cases that must be submitted to the Prime Minister for his prior personal approval?
A
Schedule V-A and Schedule V-B
✓ Correct
B
Schedule I
C
Schedule II
D
Schedule VII
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Schedule V-A lists cases to be submitted to the Prime Minister for his orders, and Schedule V-B lists cases to be submitted to the Prime Minister for information.
Q. 24
Office Governance
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Under Rule 15(1) of the Rules of Business 1973, who is the competent authority to appoint a Federal Secretary to head a Division?
A
The Prime Minister of Pakistan
✓ Correct
B
The Federal Public Service Commission
C
The President on advice of the Senate
D
The Chief Justice of Pakistan
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Under the Rules of Business and Civil Servants (APT) Rules, the appointment and transfer of Secretaries and Additional Secretaries to the Federal Government (BS-21/22) is made by the Prime Minister.
Q. 25
Office Governance
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
In the Federal Secretariat, what is the role of a 'Minister of State' under the Rules of Business?
A
A junior minister appointed to assist the Federal Minister in a Division, performing duties assigned by the Federal Minister or Prime Minister
✓ Correct
B
The governor of a province
C
An ambassador representing Pakistan abroad
D
The chief minister of a federal territory
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Under Rule 5, a Minister of State performs such functions and exercises such powers in the Division as may be assigned to him by the Federal Minister or Prime Minister.
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Instructions / Reading Passage
25 Questions in this set
Select the best option/antonym for the following English Vocabulary questions:
Q. 1
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Autonomy
A
submissiveness
B
dependence
✓ Correct
C
subordination
D
slavery
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Autonomy refers to self-governance; its opposite is relying on others.
Q. 2
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Assert
A
agree
B
acquiesce
C
abjure
✓ Correct
D
abdicate
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
To assert is to state firmly; abjure means to solemnly renounce or deny.
Q. 3
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Accord
A
solution
B
act
C
dissent
✓ Correct
D
concord
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Accord signifies agreement or harmony; dissent represents disagreement.
Q. 4
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Alive
A
passive
B
dead
✓ Correct
C
asleep
D
drowsy
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The direct biological opposite of being alive is being dead.
Q. 5
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Ancestors
A
supporters
B
disciples
C
followers
D
descendants
✓ Correct
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Ancestors are those from whom one is descended; descendants are one's progeny.
Q. 6
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Abdicate
A
claim
✓ Correct
B
snatch
C
plunder
D
seize
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
To abdicate is to renounce a throne or power; to claim is to assert a right to it.
Q. 7
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Abhorrence
A
aversion
B
liking
✓ Correct
C
appreciation
D
fear
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Abhorrence is extreme hatred; liking indicates a feeling of fondness or pleasure.
Q. 8
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Acquisitive
A
miserly
B
frugal
✓ Correct
C
simple
D
austere
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Acquisitive means eager to get wealth; frugal implies being economical or sparing.
Q. 9
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Audacious
A
timid
✓ Correct
B
vulgar
C
low
D
unpractised
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Audacious refers to being bold and daring; timid means showing a lack of courage.
Q. 10
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Acquitted
A
entrusted
B
convicted
✓ Correct
C
freed
D
burdened
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
To be acquitted is to be cleared of a charge; to be convicted is to be found guilty.
Q. 11
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Absolute
A
scarce
B
limited
✓ Correct
C
faulty
D
efficient
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Absolute means total or unconditional; limited implies having fixed bounds.
Q. 12
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Acute
A
sharp
B
critical
C
dull
✓ Correct
D
sensitive
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Acute describes something sharp or intense; dull describes something blunt or weak.
Q. 13
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Anathematise
A
radiate
B
regulate
C
deceive
D
bless
✓ Correct
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
To anathematise is to curse or denounce; its spiritual opposite is to bless.
Q. 14
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Addition
A
multiplication
B
subtraction
✓ Correct
C
enumeration
D
division
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Subtraction is the mathematical operation that removes, while addition adds.
Q. 15
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Attract
A
repulse
B
reject
C
repel
✓ Correct
D
distract
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
To attract is to pull toward; to repel is to push away or drive back.
Q. 16
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Avoidance
A
possession
B
pursuit
✓ Correct
C
passion
D
power
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Avoidance is the act of staying away; pursuit is the act of following or chasing.
Q. 17
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Alleviation
A
exaggeration
B
exasperation
C
magnification
D
intensification
✓ Correct
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
While "alleviation" means to make suffering, deficiency, or a problem less severe (to ease or mitigate), "intensification" means to make something grow more acute, strong, or severe.
Q. 18
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Alienate
A
gather
B
identify
C
assemble
D
unite
✓ Correct
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
To alienate is to isolate or cause to become unfriendly; to unite is to join together.
Q. 19
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Adequate
A
profuse
B
abounding
C
scanty
✓ Correct
D
abundant
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Adequate means sufficient; scanty means small or insufficient in quantity.
Q. 20
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Appointment
A
disappointment
B
suspension
C
dismissal
✓ Correct
D
discharge
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
"Appointment" refers to the act of officially assigning a job, position, or office to someone. Therefore, dismissal (the act of officially removing someone from a job or position) is its direct structural and professional antonym.
Q. 21
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Amalgamate
A
generate
B
repair
C
materialize
D
separate
✓ Correct
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Amalgamate means to combine into one; separate means to part or divide.
Q. 22
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Acclamation
A
denunciation
✓ Correct
B
suppression
C
termination
D
applause
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Acclamation is loud approval; denunciation is public condemnation.
Q. 23
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Ambiguous
A
obscure
B
secular
C
explicit
✓ Correct
D
equivocate
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Ambiguous means vague or unclear; explicit means stated clearly and in detail.
Q. 24
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Antipathy
A
obedience
B
admiration
C
agreement
D
fondness
✓ Correct
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Antipathy is a deep-seated feeling of dislike; fondness is affection or liking.
Q. 25
English Language Comprehension
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Amicable
A
cunning
B
shy
C
hostile
✓ Correct
D
crazy
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Amicable refers to friendliness and goodwill; hostile refers to unfriendliness/opposition.
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Q. 1
General Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
What is H_5 N_1?
A
Virus
✓ Correct
B
Bacteria
C
Vaccine
D
Fungi
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
H_5 N_1 is a highly infectious subtype of the Influenza A virus that primarily affects birds but can infect humans.
Q. 2
General Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Which of the following Russian's oil and gas company, which provides oil and gas to European countries?
A
BSGO Company
B
Gazprome Company
✓ Correct
C
Gestapo Company
D
Nindo Oil and Gas Company
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Gazprom is a majority state-owned multinational energy corporation and the largest supplier of natural gas to Europe.
Q. 3
General Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Which one of the following planets has the maximum number of satellites?
A
Jupiter
B
Saturn
✓ Correct
C
Venus
D
Uranus
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
While Jupiter was historically cited, Saturn is recognized in the source as having the highest number of documented moons at the time.
Q. 4
General Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Which is the largest planet?
A
Venus
B
Earth
C
Jupiter
✓ Correct
D
Mars
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest planet in our solar system by both mass and volume.
Q. 5
General Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
What was the main reason of disqualification of Arial Sharon for office of Prime Minister of Israel?
A
He completed two terms
B
He was impeached
C
Due to Illness
✓ Correct
D
None of these
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Ariel Sharon was incapacitated by a massive stroke in early 2006, which led to his permanent inability to perform his duties.
Q. 6
General Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
Which of the following vessels of blood carry blood from different parts of the body to heart?
A
Veins
✓ Correct
B
Arteries
C
Capillaries
D
Vessels
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Veins are the blood vessels responsible for transporting deoxygenated blood from various body tissues back to the heart.
Q. 7
General Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
What are the two seas linked by Suez Canal?
A
The Mediterranean Sea and Baltic Sea
B
The Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea
✓ Correct
C
The Black Sea and Baltic Sea
D
The Black Sea and South China Sea
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt that connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.
Q. 8
General Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Diego Garcia is a:
A
A famous airline of Singapore
B
French surface to Sea Missile
C
United States military base in Indian Ocean
✓ Correct
D
The disputed island between Russia and Japan
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Diego Garcia is an atoll in the central Indian Ocean that hosts a major strategic military facility for the United States.
Q. 9
General Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
In which year European rulers captured Palestine from the Muslims in Crusade War?
A
1095 A.D
B
1099 A.D
✓ Correct
C
1115 A.D
D
1199 A.D
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The First Crusade culminated in the Siege of Jerusalem in 1099 A.D., when European forces captured the city.
Q. 10
General Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
What is Kremlin?
A
Offices of Russian Government
✓ Correct
B
Offices of Sri Lankan Government
C
Building in Japan used for theater
D
None of these
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The Kremlin is a fortified complex in the heart of Moscow that serves as the official residence of the Russian President.
Q. 11
General Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
A mass of ice originating in mountains in snowfields above the snowline is called:
A
Mountain River
B
Glaciers
✓ Correct
C
Lakes and water falls
D
None of the above
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Glaciers are large, persistent bodies of ice that form where the accumulation of snow exceeds its ablation over many years.
Q. 12
General Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
What is the diameter of earth?
A
11756 km
B
12756 km
✓ Correct
C
13756 km
D
14756 km
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The equatorial diameter of the Earth is approximately 12,756 kilometers, reflecting its slightly oblate shape.
Q. 13
General Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
What is the freezing point of heavy water?
A
3.82 $^o$ C
✓ Correct
B
2.82 $^o$ C
C
1.82 $^o$ C
D
0.82 $^o$ C
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Heavy water (deuterium oxide) has a higher freezing point than normal water, occurring at approximately 3.82 degrees Celsius.
Q. 14
General Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
How many satellites (moons) of Saturn planet?
A
36
B
56
✓ Correct
C
27
D
23
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
This number reflects the count of Saturn's moons documented at the time the original source material was compiled.
Q. 15
General Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Which of the following died of natural death:
A
Indira Gandhi
B
Mahatma Gandhi
C
Rajiv Gandhi
D
None of the above
✓ Correct
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Indira Gandhi, Mahatma Gandhi, and Rajiv Gandhi were all victims of assassination rather than dying of natural causes.
Q. 16
General Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Head Office of UNESCO is located at:
A
Paris
✓ Correct
B
Geneva
C
London
D
Washington
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
UNESCO is headquartered in Paris, France, where it coordinates international cooperation in education, science, and culture.
Q. 17
General Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
What is the main cause of earthquakes?
A
Volcanic activities
B
Tectonic plate's movement
✓ Correct
C
Tectonic dislocation
D
All of above
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Most earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy along faults in the Earth's crust due to tectonic plate movements.
Q. 18
General Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
'Digital divide' term is related with:
A
Economics
B
Socio economic difference technology era
✓ Correct
C
Political Science
D
Journalism
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The digital divide refers to the gap between demographics and regions that have access to modern information technology and those that don't.
Q. 19
General Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
What is Ivy League?
A
A Group of Eight University in USA
✓ Correct
B
A Group of People in Switzerland
C
A Football League tournament
D
A Group of Islands in Atlantic Ocean
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
The Ivy League is an American collegiate athletic conference comprising eight private research universities in the Northeastern United States.
Q. 20
General Knowledge
Difficulty: Medium
(1 Mark)
"Every action has reaction which are equal but in opposite direction". The law is called:
A
Newton's first law of motion
B
Newton's second law of motion
C
Newton's third law of motion
✓ Correct
D
None of these
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Newton's third law states that for every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force.
Q. 21
General Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Pure water can be obtained from seawater by the process of:
A
Filtration
B
Distillation
✓ Correct
C
Evaporation
D
None of these
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Distillation involves boiling seawater to create steam and then condensing it into pure liquid water, leaving salts behind.
Q. 22
General Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Common salt is obtained from seawater by:
A
Sublimation
B
Evaporation
✓ Correct
C
Crystallisation
D
Filtration
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Seawater is collected in shallow ponds where solar heat causes the water to evaporate, leaving behind salt crystals.
Q. 23
General Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Gasoline is obtained from crude oil by the process of:
A
Evaporation
B
Fractional Distillation
✓ Correct
C
Distillation
D
Filtration
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Fractional distillation separates crude oil into different components, like gasoline, based on their different boiling points.
Q. 24
General Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
An electric kettle used for boiling hard water has a white scale deposited on its heating element. This consists of:
A
Sugar
B
Common Salt
C
Carbonates of Calcium and Magnesium
✓ Correct
D
Sodium Carbonate
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Limescale is primarily composed of calcium and magnesium carbonates that precipitate out of hard water when heated.
Q. 25
General Knowledge
Difficulty: Easy
(1 Mark)
Washing soda is:
A
Sodium Chloride
B
Hydrated Sodium Carbonate
✓ Correct
C
Sodium Carbonate
D
Calcium Carbonate
💡
Step-by-Step Explanation & Concept Rationale
Washing soda is the chemical compound sodium carbonate decahydrate, commonly used as a water softener.
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